From+Colonies+to+Nations

I. From Colonies to Nations ..... A. Late 18th C. Creoles in America question policies of Spain and Portugal .......... 1. **Creole**: American born white/European .......... 2. Early movements for independence failed b/c of fear of giving power to Indians and mestizos ..... B. Causes of political Change .......... 1. Catching Wave of Revolution .............. . a. American Revolution 1776 ............... b. French Revolution 1789 ............... c. Haitian Revolution 1804: Key Person: **Toussaint L' Overture (Haitian slave turned revolutionary)** .......... 2. Napoleon's Invasion of Spain/Portugal ............... a. created weakness in countries; who was legitimate ruler of Spain? ............... b. makes timing right for creoles to make move: claimed to be loyal to deposed Spanish King and thus could legitimately be ............... independent of Napoleon (his brother, actually) led Spain .... C. Spanish American Independence Struggles ......... 1. Mexico .............. a. 1810: **Father Miguel de Hidalgo:** Catholic priest lost support of creoles by including mestizos and indians in movement; <span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">............... captured and killed <span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">.............. b. 1820: **Augustin de Iturbide** creole officer sent to quell insurgents but ends up striking deal with them; 1821 gain official <span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">................. .independence; proclaimed **Emperor** <span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">.............. c. 1824 **Mexico becomes republic** <span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">......... 2. South America <span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">.............. b. between 1817-22 won independence for Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador: until 1830 called **Gran Colombia** <span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">.............. c. southern south America: **Jose de San Martin: Rio de la Plata (modern Argentine)**: resented Spanish rules against trading
 * <span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">.............. a. Bolivar: 1810 Creole officer leader against Spain**

1. All but the following were contributors to the independence movements in Latin America except: A. The revolutionary spirit as exemplified in France and the United States B. Class resentment C. Napoleon's invasion of Spain and Portugal D. Mexico's ongoing conflicts with the United States E. The policies of Spain on its colonies, especially concerning trade
 * Multiple Choice Questions:**

2. The biggest difference between the movement of Mexican independence and other South American independence movements was: A. The small role Catholicism played in Mexico. B. The role lower social classes played in the independence movement and plans. C. The stability of the government after gaining independence. D. Mexico adopted a radical egalitarian constitution while other countries didn't. E. Mexico's independence came without significant bloodshed.