Societies+in+Search+of+Themselves

I. Cultural Expression After Independence ..... A. The end of the colonial rule opened up Latin America to direct influences that introduced new ideas and fashions .......... 1. From Europe came .............. . a. Scientific observers .............. . b. Travelers .............. . c. Artists .......... 2. Battles and triumphs of battle were portrayed in .............. . a. Paintings .............. . b. Hymns .............. . c. Odes ............<span style="color: rgb(255,255,255);">.. . d. Theatrical pieces and architecture in neoclassical style <span style="color: rgb(255,255,255); font-family: Arial;">..... B. The generation that came after independence turned to romanticism <span style="color: rgb(255,255,255); font-family: Arial;">.......... 1. Romantic views of liberty <span style="color: rgb(255,255,255); font-family: Arial;">.......... 2. Emphasis on the exotic <span style="color: rgb(255,255,255); font-family: Arial;">.......... 3. Different aspects of the American society <span style="color: rgb(255,255,255); font-family: Arial;">.......... 4. In Brazil: the American Indian was used as a symbol <span style="color: rgb(255,255,255); font-family: Arial;">.......... 5. In Cuba: novels sympathetic to slaves started to appear <span style="color: rgb(255,255,255); font-family: Arial;">..... C. Politics and history blended <span style="color: rgb(255,255,255); font-family: Arial;">.......... 1. Understanding the past helped form the present <span style="color: rgb(255,255,255); font-family: Arial;">.......... 2. Politicians were good historians and they wrote about the creation of the nation <span style="color: rgb(255,255,255); font-family: Arial;">..... D. Realism in the arts and literature <span style="color: rgb(255,255,255); font-family: Arial;">.......... 1. Scientific approach of positivism and the modernization of the new nations <span style="color: rgb(255,255,255); font-family: Arial;">.......... 2. Rise in topics like corruption, prejudice, and greed <span style="color: rgb(255,255,255); font-family: Arial;">..... E. New traditions <span style="color: rgb(255,255,255); font-family: Arial;">.......... 1. Affected by the trends and tastes of the elite <span style="color: rgb(255,255,255); font-family: Arial;">.......... 2. Popular arts, folk music, dance flourished in traditional settings which showed adaptability to new situations but lacked in <span style="color: rgb(255,255,255); font-family: Arial;">.......... the more imitative fine arts <span style="color: rgb(255,255,255); font-family: Arial;">.......... 3. Poets turned to traditional themes which attracted the attention from their class and the world <span style="color: rgb(255,255,255); font-family: Arial;">.......... 4. However, artistic expressions were not appreciated or valued by the traditional elites, the modernizing urban bourgeoisie, or <span style="color: rgb(255,255,255); font-family: Arial;">.......... the new immigrants

II. Old patterns of Gender, Class, and Race <span style="color: rgb(255,255,255); font-family: Arial;">..... A. Women gained little ground during most of the century <span style="color: rgb(255,255,255); font-family: Arial;">.......... 1. Participate in the independence movements <span style="color: rgb(255,255,255); font-family: Arial;">.......... 2. Had taken arms or aided the insurgent forces <span style="color: rgb(255,255,255); font-family: Arial;">..... B. Women could not vote, hold public office, become lawyers, or testify in a court of law <span style="color: rgb(255,255,255); font-family: Arial;">..... C. Women younger than 25 remained under the power and authority of their fathers <span style="color: rgb(255,255,255); font-family: Arial;">..... D. Married women <span style="color: rgb(255,255,255); font-family: Arial;">.......... 1. Could not work, enter into contracts, and control their own estates without the permission of their husbands <span style="color: rgb(255,255,255); font-family: Arial;">..... E. In colonial era, marriage, politics, and creation of kinship links were essential elements in elite control of land and political <span style="color: rgb(255,255,255); font-family: Arial;">........ power, and thus women remained a crucial resource in family strategies <span style="color: rgb(255,255,255); font-family: Arial;">..... F. Lower class women had more economic freedom and even more personal freedom than elite women <span style="color: rgb(255,255,255); font-family: Arial;">..... G. By 1870s women were an important part of workforce <span style="color: rgb(255,255,255); font-family: Arial;">..... H. Public education changed significantly the situation of women <span style="color: rgb(255,255,255); font-family: Arial;">.......... 1. Idea behind= women had to be educated so that they educate proper values to new generations <span style="color: rgb(255,255,255); font-family: Arial;">.......... 2. 1869 the first girl’s school was created in Mexico <span style="color: rgb(255,255,255); font-family: Arial;">..... I. Public schools appear throughout Latin America <span style="color: rgb(255,255,255); font-family: Arial;">..... J. Secular public education created new opportunities for women <span style="color: rgb(255,255,255); font-family: Arial;">..... K. Demand for women teachers gave them access to advance education <span style="color: rgb(255,255,255); font-family: Arial;">..... L. By the end of the 19th century, women were becoming more active in advocating women’s rights and other political issues <span style="color: rgb(255,255,255); font-family: Arial;">..... M. Nations legally ended the old society castes un which legal status and definition depended on color and ethnicity, but much of <span style="color: rgb(255,255,255); font-family: Arial;">......... that system continued <span style="color: rgb(255,255,255); font-family: Arial;">..... N. The stigma of skin color and former slave status created barriers to advancements <span style="color: rgb(255,255,255); font-family: Arial;">..... O. In many places, expansion of the export economy perpetuated old patterns <span style="color: rgb(255,255,255); font-family: Arial;">.......... 1. Positivists were convinced of the benefits of international trade for Latin America <span style="color: rgb(255,255,255); font-family: Arial;">.......... 2. Creoles controlled the economies and politics in most places <span style="color: rgb(255,255,255); font-family: Arial;">..... P. They were joined in the political and economic functions by a stratum of urban middle class merchants, bureaucrats, and other <span style="color: rgb(255,255,255); font-family: Arial;">........ bourgeois types <span style="color: rgb(255,255,255); font-family: Arial;">.......... 1. Increasing urbanization also changed societies

Question #1: Which form of art was not part of the cultural expression after independence in Latin America? a. Novels sympathetic to slaves b. Romantic epic poems about the lives of the gauchos c. Folk music and dance d. Novels that depicted the peace after the revolution e. Psychological short stories

Question #2: Which of the following is not an effect of education during the 19th century in Latin America? a. Created new opportunities for women b. Changed the situation of women in the society c. Women became an active force in their rights and political issues d. Used to teach proper values for new generations e. Changed the social caste that depended on color and ethnicity